:z = x² + y² + z² x² + y² + z² - z + 1/4 = 1/4 x² + y² + (z - 1/2)² = (1/2)² { x = rsinφcosθ { y = rsinφsinθ { z = rcosφ Ω:r² = rcosφ → r = cosφ ∫∫∫ (x² + y² + z&...